STUDY OF SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMS FOR INCREASED ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN NIGERIA

STUDY OF SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMS FOR INCREASED ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Energy is a fundamental driver of economic growth and development, yet access to reliable electricity remains a significant challenge in many developing countries, including Nigeria. As the population grows and industrialization advances, the demand for electricity continues to rise, placing immense pressure on the existing energy infrastructure (Adebayo & Ogunleye, 2020). Traditional energy sources, such as fossil fuels, have proven to be unsustainable due to their environmental impact, fluctuating costs, and limited availability. As a result, there has been a growing global emphasis on renewable energy, particularly solar energy, as a viable alternative for addressing the energy deficit (Kalogirou, 2014).

Nigeria, located in the tropical region, has an abundant supply of solar energy, receiving an average of 4.5–6.5 kWh/m² of solar radiation per day (Nwafor et al., 2020). This makes solar power one of the most promising sources of renewable energy in the country. However, despite this vast potential, the adoption of solar energy remains relatively low due to various factors such as high initial costs, inadequate technological knowledge, and infrastructural limitations (Umeh & Adekunle, 2019). Most existing solar installations in Nigeria utilize fixed photovoltaic (PV) panels, which remain stationary throughout the day. These fixed systems do not maximize solar energy capture, resulting in lower energy output and efficiency (Olawale et al., 2021).

To enhance the efficiency of solar energy systems, researchers and engineers have developed solar tracking systems, which are designed to dynamically adjust the orientation of solar panels to follow the movement of the sun. These systems are categorized into single-axis and dual-axis trackers, both of which help increase the amount of sunlight absorbed by solar panels (Malik & Ali, 2017). Studies have shown that solar tracking systems can improve energy output by 25% to 40% compared to fixed PV systems, making them a more effective solution for increasing energy efficiency (Okonkwo et al., 2022).

In developed countries, solar tracking systems have been successfully integrated into large-scale solar farms, significantly improving energy generation efficiency. Countries such as Germany, the United States, and China have invested heavily in solar tracking technology, leading to higher returns on investment in solar energy projects (Kalogirou, 2014). However, in Nigeria, the adoption of such advanced solar technologies has been limited due to financial, technical, and policy constraints (Ojo & Chukwu, 2018). There is a need to examine how these technologies can be adapted and implemented in Nigeria’s unique energy landscape.

One of the key benefits of solar tracking systems is their ability to optimize energy generation throughout the day by maintaining an optimal angle of incidence between the solar panels and the sun’s rays. This is particularly important in Nigeria, where inconsistent electricity supply has hampered industrial growth and economic development (Nwafor et al., 2020). The use of solar tracking systems could help bridge the energy gap by providing a more efficient and reliable source of electricity, particularly in rural and off-grid communities.

Despite the potential advantages, there are several challenges associated with the implementation of solar tracking systems in Nigeria. High installation and maintenance costs remain a major concern, as solar tracking systems require additional mechanical and electronic components compared to fixed PV systems (Okonkwo et al., 2022). Additionally, technical expertise in designing, installing, and maintaining these systems is still limited in Nigeria, creating a knowledge gap that must be addressed through education and capacity-building initiatives (Umeh & Adekunle, 2019).

Given these factors, it is crucial to conduct a comprehensive study on the feasibility, efficiency, and economic viability of solar tracking systems in Nigeria. By analyzing their performance and potential benefits, this research aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers, investors, and energy stakeholders on how to optimize solar energy utilization in the country. The findings from this study will contribute to the broader discourse on sustainable energy solutions and provide recommendations for overcoming the challenges associated with solar tracking technology adoption in Nigeria.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Nigeria is currently experiencing a severe energy crisis, with a significant percentage of its population lacking access to reliable electricity. The country’s power generation capacity remains insufficient to meet the growing energy demands of households, businesses, and industries (Ojo & Chukwu, 2018). Frequent power outages and load shedding have forced many Nigerians to rely on expensive and environmentally harmful alternatives, such as diesel and petrol generators. This has not only increased the cost of doing business but has also contributed to environmental pollution and carbon emissions. Despite Nigeria’s abundant solar energy potential, the country has yet to fully exploit this resource to address its energy deficit effectively (Nwafor et al., 2020).

One of the major limitations of existing solar energy systems in Nigeria is the use of fixed PV panels, which do not optimize energy capture throughout the day. Due to the static nature of these systems, they fail to follow the movement of the sun, leading to suboptimal energy generation and inefficiencies in power supply (Malik & Ali, 2017). This inefficiency discourages large-scale investment in solar power and limits the widespread adoption of solar energy solutions. A lack of awareness and technical expertise further compounds this issue, as many stakeholders are unaware of the benefits that solar tracking systems could offer in improving energy efficiency (Okonkwo et al., 2022).

Furthermore, the financial implications of adopting solar tracking systems in Nigeria remain a critical concern. The initial capital investment required for installing solar tracking systems is higher than that of conventional fixed PV systems (Olawale et al., 2021). Many businesses and households are deterred by these high costs, despite the potential long-term savings and increased energy yields associated with solar tracking technology. Additionally, there is limited research on the economic viability and return on investment of solar tracking systems in Nigeria’s context, creating uncertainty for potential investors (Umeh & Adekunle, 2019).

Given these challenges, there is an urgent need to explore the feasibility and benefits of solar tracking systems in Nigeria. Understanding how these systems can enhance solar energy efficiency, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and improve energy security is critical for the country’s sustainable development. This study aims to bridge the knowledge gap by providing an in-depth analysis of solar tracking technology and its potential role in addressing Nigeria’s energy challenges..

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The primary aim of this study is to assess the role of solar tracking systems in enhancing energy efficiency in Nigeria. The specific objectives are:

1. To analyze the different types of solar tracking systems and their operational mechanisms.
2. To evaluate the efficiency gains of solar tracking systems compared to fixed PV systems.
3. To investigate the feasibility and economic viability of adopting solar tracking systems in Nigeria.
4. To explore the challenges and potential solutions for implementing solar tracking technology in the Nigerian energy sector.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What are the various types of solar tracking systems, and how do they function?
2. How do solar tracking systems compare to fixed PV systems in terms of energy output?
3. What are the economic implications of implementing solar tracking technology in Nigeria?
4. What are the major challenges hindering the adoption of solar tracking systems in Nigeria, and how can they be addressed?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is significant as it contributes to the ongoing discussions on renewable energy solutions in Nigeria. By evaluating the efficiency of solar tracking systems, this research will provide valuable data that can help optimize the deployment of solar energy technologies in the country. Policymakers and government agencies can use the findings to develop regulations and incentives that encourage the adoption of solar tracking technology, ultimately improving Nigeria’s energy security and sustainability (Umeh & Adekunle, 2019).

For businesses and investors, this study will offer insights into the economic viability of solar tracking systems, highlighting potential cost savings and return on investment. Understanding the financial implications of adopting this technology will help entrepreneurs make informed decisions about investing in the renewable energy sector. By promoting the adoption of high-efficiency solar energy solutions, Nigeria can reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and foster a cleaner and more sustainable energy industry (Okonkwo et al., 2022).

Academically, this research will add to the body of knowledge on solar energy efficiency, particularly in the context of developing countries like Nigeria. It will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and students interested in exploring renewable energy technologies. Furthermore, the study will help identify areas where further research is needed, contributing to continuous improvements in solar energy utilization and efficiency (Kalogirou, 2014).

Lastly, this study has societal relevance, as improving solar energy efficiency can have far-reaching benefits for communities, especially in rural areas. By increasing access to reliable electricity, solar tracking systems can enhance the quality of life, support economic activities, and promote technological advancements in underserved regions. As Nigeria continues its transition towards a more sustainable energy future, research on innovative solar solutions like tracking systems will be instrumental in achieving long-term energy goals (Ojo & Chukwu, 2018).

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the analysis of solar tracking systems in Nigeria, covering different tracking mechanisms, efficiency comparisons, and implementation challenges. The research will examine case studies of solar projects in Nigeria and other countries with similar climatic conditions to derive applicable insights.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

Potential limitations include:

• Cost constraints, which may limit access to advanced solar tracking technologies for study purposes.
• Data availability, as reliable energy output data on solar tracking systems in Nigeria may be scarce.
• Technical challenges, as expertise in solar tracking technology remains limited in the country.

1.8 Definition of Terms

• 1.8 Definition of Terms
• In this section, key terms used in the study are defined to ensure clarity and a better understanding of the research. These definitions provide insight into the technical and conceptual terms related to solar tracking systems and energy efficiency.
• 1.8.1 Solar Tracking System
• A solar tracking system is a mechanism designed to orient solar panels or mirrors toward the sun to maximize energy absorption. These systems adjust the position of solar panels dynamically, following the sun’s movement across the sky throughout the day (Malik & Ali, 2017). Solar trackers are categorized into single-axis trackers, which move along one plane, and dual-axis trackers, which adjust along both horizontal and vertical axes for greater efficiency.
• 1.8.2 Photovoltaic (PV) System
• A photovoltaic (PV) system refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor materials, typically silicon-based solar cells (Kalogirou, 2014). These systems are widely used in residential, commercial, and industrial applications to generate renewable energy. PV systems can be installed as fixed systems or tracking systems, with the latter offering higher efficiency by adjusting to the sun’s movement.
• 1.8.3 Energy Efficiency
• Energy efficiency is the measure of how effectively an energy system converts input energy into useful output without unnecessary waste. In the context of solar energy, energy efficiency refers to the ability of a solar panel or system to maximize electricity generation from the available sunlight (Okonkwo et al., 2022). Higher energy efficiency leads to better performance, lower operational costs, and greater sustainability.
• 1.8.4 Renewable Energy
• Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are continuously replenished, such as sunlight, wind, and water. Solar energy, a key focus of this study, is one of the most abundant and sustainable forms of renewable energy (Ojo & Chukwu, 2018). Unlike fossil fuels, renewable energy sources produce little to no greenhouse gas emissions, making them environmentally friendly alternatives for electricity generation.
• 1.8.5 Fixed Solar Panel System
• A fixed solar panel system consists of solar panels installed in a stationary position, typically tilted at an optimal angle to capture sunlight. Unlike solar tracking systems, fixed panels do not adjust to the sun’s movement, which can lead to lower energy output, especially during sunrise and sunset periods (Nwafor et al., 2020). Fixed systems are more common due to their lower cost and simpler installation but are generally less efficient than tracking systems.
• 1.8.6 Single-Axis Solar Tracker
• A single-axis solar tracker is a type of solar tracking system that moves solar panels along one axis (either horizontal or vertical) to follow the sun’s path. This system improves solar energy capture compared to fixed panels, although it is less efficient than a dual-axis tracker (Umeh & Adekunle, 2019). Single-axis trackers are commonly used in large-scale solar farms where cost and efficiency need to be balanced.
• 1.8.7 Dual-Axis Solar Tracker
• A dual-axis solar tracker is a more advanced type of solar tracking system that moves panels along both horizontal and vertical axes. This enables precise tracking of the sun’s movement throughout the day and across different seasons, resulting in maximum solar energy absorption (Olawale et al., 2021). Although more efficient than single-axis trackers, dual-axis systems are more complex and expensive to install and maintain.
• 1.8.8 Solar Radiation
• Solar radiation refers to the electromagnetic energy emitted by the sun, which includes visible light, infrared radiation, and ultraviolet radiation. The amount of solar radiation received at a given location is influenced by factors such as latitude, weather conditions, and atmospheric composition (Kalogirou, 2014). In Nigeria, the high levels of solar radiation make it an ideal location for solar energy generation.
• 1.8.9 Off-Grid Solar System
• An off-grid solar system is a stand-alone energy system that generates and stores electricity independently, without reliance on the national power grid. These systems are commonly used in rural areas and remote locations where grid electricity is unavailable or unreliable (Okonkwo et al., 2022). Off-grid solar systems often incorporate battery storage to ensure a continuous power supply, even during nighttime or cloudy conditions.
• 1.8.10 Sustainable Energy
• Sustainable energy refers to energy sources that can be utilized indefinitely without depleting resources or causing long-term environmental harm. Solar energy is a key example of sustainable energy, as it is abundant, renewable, and non-polluting (Ojo & Chukwu, 2018). The adoption of sustainable energy solutions, such as solar tracking systems, plays a crucial role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change.

1.9 Organization of the Study

This study is structured as follows:

• Chapter One introduces the study, outlines its objectives, and defines key concepts.
• Chapter Two provides a comprehensive literature review on solar tracking systems and energy efficiency.
• Chapter Three explains the research methodology, including data collection and analysis techniques.
• Chapter Four presents findings, data interpretation, and discussions.
• Chapter Five concludes the study with recommendations and future research directions.

References

Adebayo, T. & Ogunleye, K. (2020). Renewable Energy Development in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects. Renewable Energy Journal, 45(2), 112-130.

Kalogirou, S. (2014). Solar Energy Engineering: Processes and Systems. Academic Press.

Malik, A. & Ali, R. (2017). Comparison of Fixed and Tracking PV Systems: A Case Study. Solar Energy Research Journal, 39(3), 250-265.

Nwafor, C., Adeyemi, T., & Hassan, O. (2020). Solar Power Solutions for Nigeria: Opportunities and Challenges. Energy Studies Review, 48(1), 89-105.

Ojo, B. & Chukwu, J. (2018). Energy Crisis in Nigeria: The Role of Renewable Sources. African Energy Studies, 12(4), 55-73.

Okonkwo, D., Uzochukwu, C., & Akinwale, P. (2022). Economic Viability of Solar Tracking Systems in Nigeria. Sustainable Energy Review, 30(2), 135-150.

Olawale, G., Yusuf, M., & Adebisi, F. (2021). Technological Advances in Solar Tracking Systems: A Nigerian Perspective. Journal of Energy Research, 52(3), 204-221.

Umeh, S. & Adekunle, L. (2019). The Future of Solar Energy in Nigeria: Policy and Implementation Strategies. African Renewable Energy Journal, 28(4), 99-118.