DESIGN OF LOW-COST INVERTERS FOR NIGERIAN SOLAR SYSTEMS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The demand for renewable energy sources has increased significantly worldwide due to concerns over environmental sustainability, rising energy costs, and energy security (Zhao et al., 2020). Among various renewable energy sources, solar energy remains one of the most viable solutions for electricity generation, especially in regions with abundant sunlight, such as Nigeria (Adebayo & Ogunleye, 2021). However, one of the major challenges associated with solar energy deployment is the high cost of essential components, particularly inverters (Olusola et al., 2019).

An inverter is a critical component of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system, responsible for converting direct current (DC) from solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for household and industrial appliances (Kumar et al., 2018). The cost of commercially available inverters is often prohibitive for many Nigerians, limiting widespread adoption of solar technology, particularly in rural areas (Bello & Yusuf, 2022). This study focuses on the design and development of low-cost inverters that provide affordable and efficient solutions for Nigerian solar energy users.

Nigeria, like many developing countries, experiences an unreliable electricity supply due to infrastructural limitations, outdated power plants, and inefficiencies in distribution networks (Ebhota & Inambao, 2016). This has resulted in a growing dependence on alternative energy sources, including diesel generators, which are costly and environmentally unfriendly (Akinyele & Rayudu, 2019). Consequently, there is an urgent need to explore sustainable and cost-effective power solutions, particularly solar energy, which is abundant in Nigeria (Adeoti et al., 2021).

Despite the advantages of solar energy, the adoption rate remains low due to the high initial investment required, particularly for inverters and battery storage systems (Okedu & Uhunmwangho, 2020). Many of the inverters available in Nigeria are imported, and their costs are often inflated due to shipping expenses and import tariffs (Ugwoke et al., 2020). Additionally, some low-cost inverters fail to meet efficiency and durability standards, leading to frequent breakdowns and increased maintenance costs (Fagbenle et al., 2017).

To address these issues, the development of locally manufactured inverters that are both cost-effective and efficient has become necessary (Adebayo & Ogunleye, 2021). A locally designed inverter tailored to Nigeria’s energy needs would help bridge the affordability gap and enhance the adoption of solar technology across various socio-economic classes (Bello & Yusuf, 2022). By leveraging locally available materials and engineering expertise, an optimized inverter design can be developed to improve efficiency while reducing costs (Olusola et al., 2019).

This study aims to provide a framework for designing low-cost inverters suitable for Nigerian households and businesses. Through innovation and local manufacturing, these inverters will enhance energy security, reduce dependency on fossil fuels, and promote economic growth (Kumar et al., 2018). This research will also explore factors such as inverter efficiency, durability, and compatibility with available solar panel technologies to ensure optimal performance at an affordable price (Okedu & Uhunmwangho, 2020).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Nigeria faces persistent energy challenges, with frequent power outages and insufficient electricity supply from the national grid (Ogunleye, 2020). Many households and businesses turn to alternative sources of energy, including generators and solar PV systems (Akinyele & Rayudu, 2019). However, the high cost of inverters and other solar components makes it difficult for low-income earners to adopt solar technology, despite its long-term economic benefits (Adeoti et al., 2021).

Existing inverters in the Nigerian market are often imported and expensive, making them inaccessible to many potential users (Ugwoke et al., 2020). Additionally, some low-cost inverters lack efficiency, durability, and compatibility with locally available solar panels and batteries (Fagbenle et al., 2017). Thus, there is a need for an affordable, efficient, and locally designed inverter tailored to Nigeria’s energy needs and economic constraints.

The development of a low-cost inverter will not only enhance access to renewable energy but also encourage local production and job creation in Nigeria’s renewable energy sector (Adebayo & Ogunleye, 2021). This study seeks to identify the key factors influencing inverter performance and cost reduction strategies while ensuring reliability and efficiency for Nigerian users (Olusola et al., 2019).

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to design a low-cost inverter for Nigerian solar systems. The specific objectives include:

1. To analyze the existing inverter technologies available in Nigeria and their cost implications.
2. To develop a cost-effective inverter design that meets the power requirements of average Nigerian households.
3. To test and evaluate the performance of the designed inverter in terms of efficiency, durability, and compatibility with locally available solar components.
4. To propose recommendations for scaling up the production of affordable inverters in Nigeria.

1.4 Research Questions

This study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the limitations of existing inverters in Nigeria’s solar energy market?
2. How can a low-cost inverter be designed without compromising efficiency and durability?
3. What materials and technologies can be utilized to reduce the cost of inverters for Nigerian users?
4. How does the designed inverter compare with existing commercial inverters in terms of efficiency and reliability?

1.5 Justification of the Study

The development of a low-cost inverter specifically designed for Nigerian conditions has both economic and technological significance. It aligns with Nigeria’s commitment to renewable energy adoption as part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (United Nations, 2021). By reducing the cost of inverters, this study will facilitate increased adoption of solar energy, providing a sustainable solution to the country’s energy crisis (Olatomiwa et al., 2018).

Moreover, a locally designed inverter can enhance technological innovation, create job opportunities, and reduce dependency on imported solar components (Chineke et al., 2019). The study will also contribute to academic and industrial knowledge on cost-effective renewable energy technologies tailored for developing countries.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This research focuses on the design, development, and testing of a low-cost inverter suitable for Nigerian solar systems. The study will analyze existing inverter technologies, evaluate cost-effective design alternatives, and test the prototype’s performance in real-world conditions. The research will primarily target Nigerian households and small businesses that require affordable and reliable solar energy solutions.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

While this study aims to provide a comprehensive solution, certain limitations are anticipated:

• Limited access to high-end testing equipment, which may affect the precision of performance evaluation.
• Dependence on locally available materials, which may restrict certain design optimizations.
• Financial constraints that may limit large-scale testing and field deployment.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Inverter: A device that converts DC electricity from solar panels into AC electricity suitable for use in homes and businesses.

Photovoltaic (PV) System: A solar power system that converts sunlight into electricity.

Renewable Energy: Energy derived from natural sources that are replenished constantly, such as solar, wind, and hydro power.

Efficiency: The ratio of useful power output to total power input, usually expressed as a percentage.

Durability: The ability of a product to withstand wear, pressure, or damage over time.

References

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United Nations. (2021). Sustainable Development Goals and renewable energy initiatives. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sdgs

Ugwoke, R. O., Eze, C. A., & Onu, O. (2020). Challenges of inverter technology in Nigeria. African Journal of Electrical Engineering, 10(3), 221-235.

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