INVESTIGATION OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERS FOR NIGERIAN COASTAL POWER GENERATION

INVESTIGATION OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERS FOR NIGERIAN COASTAL POWER GENERATION

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Wave energy has long been recognized as a reliable and abundant renewable energy source with the potential to contribute significantly to global electricity generation (Falcão, 2010). Unlike solar and wind energy, which are intermittent and highly dependent on weather conditions, wave energy offers a more consistent and predictable power supply due to the continuous movement of ocean waves (Drew et al., 2009). The development of wave energy technology has seen significant advancements over the years, with various types of wave energy converters (WECs) being designed to harness the kinetic and potential energy of waves efficiently (Aderinto & Li, 2018). These technologies have been deployed in different parts of the world, including Europe and North America, where pilot projects have demonstrated their feasibility and economic potential (Bahaj, 2011).

Despite its vast coastal resources, Nigeria has yet to fully explore or invest in wave energy as a viable component of its energy mix. The country’s energy sector is heavily reliant on fossil fuels, particularly crude oil and natural gas, which account for the majority of its electricity generation (Adeoti et al., 2018). However, the limitations of these energy sources, including price volatility, environmental pollution, and resource depletion, have necessitated a shift toward alternative energy solutions (Olumide et al., 2022). Wave energy, being a clean and renewable resource, presents a viable option for addressing Nigeria’s growing electricity demand while reducing carbon emissions and environmental degradation (Ogunbiyi, 2020).

The Nigerian coastline, stretching over 850 kilometers along the Atlantic Ocean, experiences significant wave activity that could be harnessed for power generation (Eke et al., 2019). Studies have indicated that coastal areas such as Lagos, Ondo, Delta, and Rivers states possess wave energy potentials that, if effectively tapped, could contribute to the national grid and provide electricity to remote coastal communities (Adewale & Okonkwo, 2019). Given the country’s frequent power shortages and the need for decentralized energy solutions, the deployment of WECs in these coastal regions could serve as a sustainable and localized energy source (Sambo, 2018). However, the lack of technical expertise, investment, and supportive policies has hindered the development of wave energy infrastructure in Nigeria (Akinyele & Rayudu, 2016).

The successful implementation of wave energy in other coastal regions worldwide provides valuable insights that can guide Nigeria’s approach to this technology. For instance, countries like the United Kingdom, Portugal, and Australia have invested significantly in wave energy research and pilot projects, leading to the development of efficient WEC designs and regulatory frameworks to support commercialization (Falcão, 2010). Lessons from these countries can help Nigeria identify the most suitable WEC technologies for its coastal environment, taking into account factors such as wave intensity, seabed conditions, and local energy needs (Drew et al., 2009). Additionally, collaborations with international energy organizations and research institutions could facilitate knowledge transfer and capacity building for wave energy development in Nigeria (Bahaj, 2011).

Beyond energy generation, wave energy development in Nigeria could have broader economic and environmental benefits. The establishment of wave energy projects could create job opportunities in engineering, manufacturing, and maintenance sectors, contributing to local economic growth (Aderinto & Li, 2018). Furthermore, harnessing wave energy would reduce the country’s reliance on fossil fuel-based power generation, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and supporting Nigeria’s commitment to global climate change mitigation efforts (Ogunbiyi, 2020). The diversification of the energy sector with wave energy would also enhance energy security, reducing the vulnerability of the national grid to disruptions caused by fuel supply shortages or geopolitical factors (Adeoti et al., 2018).

In light of these potential benefits, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive investigation into the feasibility of deploying WECs for coastal power generation in Nigeria. This study aims to assess the wave energy potential along Nigeria’s coastline, explore suitable WEC technologies, and evaluate the economic and environmental implications of adopting wave energy solutions. By identifying challenges and opportunities associated with wave energy development, this research will contribute to the growing discourse on renewable energy diversification and sustainable power generation in Nigeria (Olumide et al., 2022). The findings could serve as a foundation for policymakers, investors, and researchers seeking to promote wave energy as a viable alternative in Nigeria’s energy landscape

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Despite Nigeria’s abundant renewable energy resources, the country has yet to fully explore wave energy for electricity generation. Previous studies have focused mainly on solar and wind energy, with little emphasis on the feasibility and implementation of WECs along the Nigerian coastline (Akinyele & Rayudu, 2016). The lack of research, technological infrastructure, and policy frameworks has hindered the development of this renewable energy source.

Additionally, the efficiency of various WEC technologies in Nigerian coastal conditions remains largely unexplored. Factors such as wave intensity, frequency, and economic viability must be assessed to determine the suitability of specific WEC designs for power generation in Nigeria (Mustapha et al., 2020). Without empirical research and feasibility studies, Nigeria risks missing an opportunity to harness an untapped and sustainable energy resource.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the potential of wave energy converters for coastal power generation in Nigeria. Specific objectives include:

1. To assess the wave energy potential along Nigeria’s coastal regions.
2. To evaluate the efficiency and applicability of different WEC technologies in Nigerian waters.
3. To analyze the economic feasibility of wave energy generation in Nigeria.
4. To identify challenges and propose strategies for integrating wave energy into Nigeria’s energy mix.

1.4 Research Questions

This study seeks to answer the following research questions:

1. What is the wave energy potential along Nigeria’s coastal areas?
2. Which WEC technologies are most suitable for Nigeria’s marine environment?
3. What are the economic implications of deploying wave energy in Nigeria?
4. What challenges exist in implementing wave energy, and how can they be addressed?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This research is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on renewable energy development in Nigeria, specifically in the area of ocean wave energy. Secondly, the study will provide policymakers with empirical data necessary for formulating policies and regulatory frameworks to support wave energy adoption. Thirdly, the findings will serve as a reference for investors and stakeholders interested in renewable energy projects in Nigeria. Lastly, successful implementation of WECs could lead to job creation, increased energy access, and a reduction in carbon emissions.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the assessment of wave energy potential and WEC technologies suitable for Nigerian coastal regions. It will analyze wave characteristics, technology efficiency, and economic feasibility. However, it will not cover in-depth technical design and engineering aspects of WECs, as the study primarily aims at feasibility analysis and policy recommendations.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

The study may face limitations such as data unavailability on wave energy potential in Nigeria, limited funding for field studies, and lack of existing infrastructure for wave energy development. However, secondary data from international sources and simulations will be used to mitigate these challenges.

1.8 Organization of the Study

This study is structured into five chapters. Chapter One introduces the research, including its background, problem statement, objectives, research questions, significance, scope, and limitations. Chapter Two reviews existing literature on wave energy and its applications. Chapter Three describes the research methodology, including data collection and analysis techniques. Chapter Four presents the results and discussion. Finally, Chapter Five provides conclusions and recommendations.

REFERENCES

Adewale, A., & Okonkwo, C. (2019). Renewable energy prospects in Nigeria: Exploring wave energy potential. Renewable Energy Journal, 45(3), 234-250.

Akinyele, D. O., & Rayudu, R. K. (2016). Strategy for developing renewable energy resources in Nigeria. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 620-634.

Falnes, J. (2007). A review of wave-energy extraction. Marine Structures, 20(4), 185-201.

International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021). Renewable Energy Market Report 2021. Retrieved from www.iea.org

Mustapha, A. A., Yusuf, M. A., & Lawal, S. (2020). Wave energy potential assessment in West Africa: Case study of Nigeria. Journal of Energy Research, 62(2), 198-212.

Ogunbiyi, D. (2020). Addressing Nigeria’s power crisis through renewable energy solutions. Energy Policy Review, 58(1), 45-58.

Sambo, A. S. (2018). The need for sustainable energy mix in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Energy, 10(1), 15-29.