AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROLIFERATION OF SMALL ARMS AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO CRIME RATE IN NIGERIA

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AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROLIFERATION OF SMALL ARMS AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO CRIME RATE IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the proliferation of small arms and its contribution to the escalating crime rate in Nigeria. The widespread availability of small arms has become a significant concern, exacerbating violence, crime, and insecurity across the nation. This research aims to explore the extent of small arms proliferation, identify the key factors driving this trend, and assess its impact on crime rates in Nigeria. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study combines quantitative analysis of crime data with qualitative insights from interviews with law enforcement officials, community leaders, and policy experts. The findings indicate a strong correlation between the easy access to small arms and the increase in violent crimes, such as armed robbery, kidnapping, and communal conflicts. Key drivers of small arms proliferation include porous borders, inadequate regulatory frameworks, and socio-economic factors like poverty and unemployment. The study reveals that the unchecked spread of small arms significantly undermines national security, hampers economic development, and creates an environment of fear and instability. It also highlights the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies in controlling the inflow and distribution of small arms. The research underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to curb the proliferation of small arms. These strategies should include strengthening border security, enhancing regulatory and legislative measures, improving socio-economic conditions, and fostering community-based initiatives for disarmament. By providing a detailed examination of the proliferation of small arms and its impact on crime rates, this study offers valuable insights for policymakers, security agencies, and civil society organizations. It advocates for coordinated efforts to address the root causes and mitigate the effects of small arms proliferation, ultimately contributing to a safer and more secure Nigeria.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study

The proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in Nigeria represents a multifaceted challenge with far-reaching implications for security, stability, and development. Small arms, encompassing firearms such as pistols, rifles, and submachine guns, have proliferated across various regions of Nigeria, exacerbating a range of criminal activities and posing significant threats to public safety (Ilo, 2018). This phenomenon is deeply rooted in Nigeria’s historical context, marked by periods of political instability, ethnic tensions, and communal conflicts. The country has experienced numerous episodes of violence, including the Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970), ethno-religious clashes, and insurgencies in the Niger Delta and northeastern regions (Aning & Atsu, 2019).

The proliferation of small arms in Nigeria is facilitated by a combination of domestic and external factors. Domestically, weak governance structures, porous borders, and ineffective law enforcement mechanisms contribute to the trafficking and circulation of illicit weapons (Amnesty International, 2020). Moreover, corruption within security institutions further exacerbates the problem, enabling criminal networks to exploit loopholes and evade detection (Ibeanu, 2016). Externally, Nigeria’s proximity to conflict-affected regions in West Africa, such as the Sahel and the Gulf of Guinea, serves as a conduit for arms smuggling and trafficking (UNODC, 2019). Additionally, arms flows from post-conflict zones, such as Libya, further exacerbate the proliferation of small arms in Nigeria (Small Arms Survey, 2018).

The consequences of small arms proliferation in Nigeria are profound and multifaceted. Armed criminal groups, including armed robbers, kidnappers, and insurgent organizations, capitalize on the availability of weapons to perpetrate violence and terrorize communities (Ojielo et al., 2017). Small arms also fuel inter-communal conflicts and exacerbate social tensions, leading to displacement, loss of lives, and destruction of property (Oladosu, 2020). Moreover, the proliferation of small arms undermines efforts to promote peace, stability, and sustainable development, hindering Nigeria’s progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (UNDP, 2021).

Efforts to address the proliferation of small arms in Nigeria have been met with various challenges and limitations. While the government has enacted laws and established agencies to regulate arms possession and combat illicit trafficking, implementation remains weak due to institutional constraints, resource limitations, and corruption (Okoye & Isike, 2019). Moreover, the lack of coordination among security agencies and limited international cooperation hamper effective responses to the problem (Oluwafemi, 2020). Furthermore, the nexus between small arms proliferation and other transnational crimes, such as drug trafficking and terrorism, complicates efforts to address the root causes of the issue (UNODC, 2020).

In light of these challenges, there is a pressing need for comprehensive research to deepen our understanding of the dynamics and consequences of small arms proliferation in Nigeria. Such research can provide valuable insights into the root causes, patterns, and impacts of the phenomenon, thereby informing evidence-based policymaking and interventions (Akinola & Oni, 2018). By examining the socio-economic, political, and security dimensions of small arms proliferation, researchers can identify opportunities for targeted interventions aimed at curbing the illicit trade, enhancing border security, and promoting peacebuilding efforts (Amoo & Adesoji, 2019). Ultimately, addressing the proliferation of small arms in Nigeria requires a concerted and multidimensional approach involving government institutions, civil society organizations, and international partners (Ikelegbe, 2018).

In summary, the background of the study underscores the complex and pervasive nature of small arms proliferation in Nigeria, highlighting its origins, consequences, and challenges. By elucidating these dynamics, researchers can contribute to the development of evidence-based strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of small arms proliferation on security, stability, and development in Nigeria.

1.2       Statement of the Problem

Despite efforts to address small arms proliferation, Nigeria continues to grapple with escalating levels of armed violence and criminal activities. The easy availability of small arms has emboldened criminal elements, contributing to a pervasive culture of violence and lawlessness in various parts of the country. The consequences of this phenomenon are far-reaching, affecting the lives and livelihoods of millions of Nigerians and undermining the country’s socio-economic development.

The study, therefore, revolves around understanding the extent to which the proliferation of small arms contributes to the rising crime rate in Nigeria. This necessitates an in-depth analysis of the pathways through which illicit weapons enter the country, the actors involved in arms trafficking networks, and the correlation between the availability of small arms and various forms of criminality. By elucidating these dynamics, policymakers and stakeholders can devise targeted interventions to address the root causes of small arms proliferation and curb the associated crime wave.

1.3       Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the proliferation of small arms and its contribution to the crime rate in Nigeria. To achieve this overarching goal, the following specific objectives will be pursued:

1. To examine the historical context and underlying factors driving the proliferation of small arms in Nigeria.
2. To analyze the nexus between the availability of small arms and different forms of criminal activities, including armed robbery, kidnapping, communal conflicts, and insurgency.
3. To assess the impact of small arms proliferation on the overall crime rate and public safety in Nigeria.
4. To identify policy recommendations and interventions aimed at mitigating the challenges posed by illicit arms trafficking and enhancing national security.

1.4       Research Questions

To guide the investigation into the proliferation of small arms and its contribution to the crime rate in Nigeria, the following research questions will be addressed:

1. What are the historical factors and root causes driving the proliferation of small arms in Nigeria?
2. How does the availability of small arms influence the dynamics of various criminal activities in the country?
3. What is the extent of the correlation between small arms proliferation and the rising crime rate in Nigeria?
4. What policy measures can be implemented to address the challenges posed by illicit arms trafficking and enhance national security?

1.5       Significance of the Study

The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform evidence-based policymaking and interventions aimed at addressing the complex nexus between small arms proliferation and crime in Nigeria. By shedding light on the underlying drivers, consequences, and policy implications of this phenomenon, the research findings can guide the formulation of targeted strategies to enhance public safety, promote peacebuilding efforts, and strengthen security institutions.

Moreover, the study holds relevance for various stakeholders, including policymakers, law enforcement agencies, civil society organizations, and international partners involved in conflict prevention and peacebuilding initiatives in Nigeria. By fostering a deeper understanding of the challenges posed by small arms proliferation, this research contributes to broader efforts to promote sustainable development, human security, and peace in the region.

1.6       Scope and Delimitation of the Study

While the proliferation of small arms and its impact on crime rates are multifaceted issues, this study will focus primarily on Nigeria as a case study. The research will analyze historical trends, current dynamics, and future prospects related to small arms proliferation and crime in Nigeria. However, it is important to note that the study’s scope may be limited by factors such as data availability, access to information, and resource constraints.

Additionally, the study will primarily examine the proliferation of small arms in the context of criminal activities, including armed robbery, kidnapping, communal conflicts, and insurgency. While acknowledging the broader implications of small arms proliferation for regional stability and human security, the research will prioritize an in-depth analysis of its impact on domestic crime rates within Nigeria.

1. Operational Definition of Key Terms

For clarity and consistency, the following key terms used throughout the study will be operationally defined:

Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW): Small arms refer to firearms designed for individual use, including handguns, rifles, and shotguns, while light weapons encompass heavier firearms such as machine guns, grenade launchers, and portable anti-aircraft guns (UNODA, 2009).

Proliferation: Proliferation refers to the rapid spread or increase in the number of small arms and light weapons, often driven by illicit trafficking, smuggling, and unauthorized transfers (Small Arms Survey, 2020).

Crime Rate: Crime rate refers to the frequency or incidence of reported criminal activities within a specific population over a defined period (UNODC, 2019).

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