FUNCTIONALITY OF PUBLIC OPEN WELLS AND SEASONAL AVAILABILITY OF WATER (A CASE STUDY OF BATAGARAWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT)

FUNCTIONALITY OF PUBLIC OPEN WELLS AND SEASONAL AVAILABILITY OF WATER

(A CASE STUDY OF BATAGARAWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Access to clean and reliable water sources is a fundamental human right and a critical determinant of public health and well-being. In many rural areas around the world, particularly in low-and middle-income countries, public open wells have historically been a primary source of water for domestic, agricultural, and communal use. The functionality of these open wells and the seasonal availability of water are critical factors that impact the livelihoods and quality of life of millions of people residing in such regions (Ajadi, 2016).

Water is the most important of all public utilities. It is second to oxygen in the sustenance of human lives. Anything that disturbs the availability and supply of water therefore tends to disturb the survival of humanity. However, when it is inadequate in either quantity or quality, it can be a limiting factor in poverty alleviation and economic recovery resulting in poor health and low productivity, food insecurity and constrained economic development. Poverty in Africa has been the major factor of inadequacy in access to water and sanitation (Gbadegesin, 2017).

Water is needed to sustain life and it has always been a subject of great interest to man since it forms the basis for human survival as a function of its important usage for both domestic and industrial purposes. It is a foundation for human prosperity because adequate and high quality water supplies provide a basis for the growth and development of human, social, economic, cultural and political systems (Young, 2006). From the beginning of human civilization or even the origin of man to be precise, man is always found to settle where he has easy access to water like lakes, rivers, streams and other bodies of water. Indeed, anywhere you see man; there must be provision for water even if it is at its lowest quantity.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2014), the total domestic water demand by man for domestic activities is estimated as 250 litres per capita per day. For this reason, the possibility of life (or man’s) existing in any particular place depends on the presence or accessibility to water. It was observed by Oyebande (2017), that “the priority accorded domestic water supply by colonial administration had not been sustained by post-independence governments of the country. It was also noted that between 1946 and 1960, the average percentage of the total government expenditure on water was 11.4% whereas between 1962 and 1975, it decreased to 4.5%”.

Although Nigeria is known to be endowed with abundant water resources, the availability of potable water is a problem in many parts of the country (Onokerhoraye, 1995). The Nigerian Government has long considered the provision of water supply services to be the domain of the Federal, State and Local Governments. However, the public sector has not been successful in meeting more than a small portion of the demand for water of residential and commercial users. Water supply services, where they exist, are unreliable and of low quality and are not sustainable because of difficulties in management, operation and pricing, and failure to recover costs. Many water supply systems show extensive deterioration and poor utilization of existing capacities, due to under-maintenance and lack of funds for operation (FRN, 2000).

The study area of Batagarawa Local Government in Katsina State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Batagarawa is no exception to these challenges. The region experiences distinct wet and dry seasons, characterized by irregular rainfall patterns and fluctuating water tables. The reliance on public open wells as a primary water source makes the community vulnerable to seasonal water shortages, especially during prolonged dry spells.

Despite the significance of this issue, there is a paucity of comprehensive studies that systematically assess the functionality of public open wells in Batagarawa Local Government and the seasonal dynamics of water availability. Understanding the factors influencing the functionality of these wells and the variation in water supply throughout the year is essential for informed decision-making, policy formulation, and the development of sustainable water resource management strategies in the region.

1.2 Justification for the Study:

Several reasons justify the need for this study: Inadequate access to clean water can lead to waterborne diseases and have severe health implications for the population of Batagarawa Local Government. Agriculture is a primary livelihood for many residents of the region, and seasonal water availability directly affects crop cultivation and food security. Ensuring the functionality of open wells year-round is essential for the long-term sustainability of water resources in the area. An understanding of the challenges and opportunities related to water access can empower local communities and authorities to make informed decisions and implement appropriate interventions.

1.3 Statement of the Problem:

Access to clean and reliable water sources are essential for the well-being and sustainable development of communities in Batagarawa Local Government. Public open wells have historically served as primary sources of water supply for this region. However, there is a pressing issue regarding the functionality of these wells and the seasonal availability of water, which poses significant challenges to the livelihoods and health of the local population. There is a lack of comprehensive data and analysis regarding the functionality and maintenance practices of public open wells in Batagarawa Local Government. The factors affecting the functionality of these wells, including maintenance, depth, and water quality, have not been systematically studied in the context of this specific region. The seasonal variations in water availability from open wells in Batagarawa Local Government have not been adequately documented. Understanding the impact of local climate patterns, rainfall variability, and groundwater recharge rates on seasonal water availability is crucial.

The water quality from public open wells in Batagarawa Local Government has not been comprehensively assessed, raising concerns about potential contamination and health risks. The lack of data on water quality poses challenges to addressing waterborne diseases and ensuring public health. The functionality of public open wells directly affects the daily lives, agricultural practices, and economic well-being of the local communities. And also Seasonal water shortages can disrupt agricultural activities, affecting food security and income generation in the region.

Despite the critical importance of public open wells and water availability in Batagarawa Local Government, there is a significant research gap in understanding the specific challenges and opportunities in this region. This project seeks to address this gap by conducting a comprehensive case study that examines the functionality of public open wells, seasonal water availability patterns, water quality, and their implications for community well-being and sustainable development in Batagarawa Local Government.

1.4 Objectives of the Study:

The general objective of the study is to investigate functionality of public open wells and seasonal availability of water – a case study of Batagarawa local government.

The specific objectives of this study are as follows:

i. To assess the current functionality and condition of public open wells in Batagarawa Local Government, including water quality and infrastructure status.

ii. To analyze the seasonal variation in water availability within the study area, with a focus on identifying the causes of water scarcity during dry seasons.

iii. To identify the socio-economic and health impacts of seasonal water shortages on the local population.

iv. To provide evidence-based recommendations and policy suggestions for improving water resource management and ensuring year-round access to clean water in Batagarawa Local Government.

1.5 Significance of the study

The significance of the study on the "Functionality of Public Open Wells and Seasonal Availability of Water: A Case Study of Batagarawa Local Government" lies in its potential to address critical challenges and bring about positive impacts on various levels. The findings of this study can be of great significance in the following areas:

Improved Water Access for Communities: The study can lead to the identification of factors affecting the functionality of public open wells in Batagarawa Local Government. By addressing these factors, it can contribute to improved access to clean and reliable water sources for local communities.

Enhanced Livelihoods and Food Security: Understanding the seasonal availability of water is vital for agriculture, which often relies on groundwater from open wells. By addressing water scarcity issues, the study can contribute to enhanced agricultural productivity, leading to improved livelihoods and food security for the local population.

Public Health and Well-being: Assessing water quality from open wells and addressing potential contamination issues can have a direct impact on public health. The study’s findings can lead to recommendations for safe water practices, reducing waterborne diseases and improving overall well-being.

Sustainable Development: Access to clean water is a fundamental requirement for sustainable development. The study can provide insights into sustainable water management practices that can benefit not only the present generation but also future generations in Batagarawa Local Government.

Community Empowerment: By involving local communities in the research process and implementing evidence-based solutions, the study can empower the residents of Batagarawa to actively participate in managing their water resources, ensuring long-term sustainability.

Policy and Decision-Making: The study’s findings can serve as valuable inputs for policymakers and local authorities in Batagarawa Local Government. It can inform the development of policies and strategies aimed at improving water resource management and community well-being.

Research Contributions: This research can contribute to the broader academic understanding of water resource management and open well functionality in similar rural contexts. It may serve as a reference for future studies in other regions facing similar challenges.

In summary, the study’s significance lies in its potential to address pressing issues related to water access, agricultural sustainability, public health, and community empowerment in Batagarawa Local Government. By providing evidence-based recommendations and insights, the study can contribute to positive changes that benefit the lives of the local population and promote sustainable development in the region.

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

Scope

The scope of the study focuses specifically on Batagarawa Local Government, a defined geographical area. It examines the functionality of public open wells and seasonal water availability within this region. The research explores the functionality and maintenance practices of public open wells in Batagarawa. This includes factors such as well depth, water quality, and community involvement.

Limitations:

1. Geographical Limitation: The study’s findings and recommendations are specific to Batagarawa Local Government and may not be directly applicable to other regions with different environmental, geological, and socio-economic conditions.
2. Data Availability: The research relies on available data and resources. Limited access to historical data or comprehensive records may affect the depth of the analysis.
3. Time Constraints: The study is conducted within a defined timeframe, which may limit the extent of data collection and analysis.
4. Resource Constraints: Resource limitations, including budget, personnel, and equipment, may affect the comprehensiveness of field surveys and laboratory testing.

Despite these limitations, the study can provide valuable insights and contribute to addressing critical water resource challenges in the region. Researchers should be transparent about these limitations when interpreting the findings and making recommendations.

1.7 Definition of Terms

These definitions provide a foundation for understanding the key concepts and terms used in the study, ensuring clarity and consistency in communication and analysis throughout the research project.

Functionality of Public Open Wells: The extent to which public open wells in a given area are operational and capable of providing a reliable and safe supply of water for various purposes, including drinking, sanitation, and agriculture.

Seasonal Availability of Water: The fluctuation in the quantity of water in open wells over the course of a year, influenced by factors such as rainfall patterns, groundwater recharge rates, and climatic variations.

Public Open Wells: Wells that are accessible and utilized by the general public or a specific community, typically without the need for private ownership or exclusive use rights.

Well Maintenance: The regular upkeep and repair of open wells to ensure their proper functioning, which may include cleaning, desilting, structural repairs, and water quality testing.

Water Quality: The chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water, including parameters such as turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and the presence of contaminants, that determine its suitability for various uses.

Groundwater Recharge: The process by which water infiltrates into the ground and replenishes aquifers, contributing to the availability of groundwater in open wells.

Community Well-being: The overall quality of life and welfare of a community, influenced by factors such as access to clean water, food security, health, education, and economic opportunities.

Sustainable Development: A holistic approach to development that seeks to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, often encompassing environmental, social, and economic dimensions.

Waterborne Diseases: Illnesses caused by the consumption of contaminated water, typically resulting from the presence of pathogenic microorganisms or chemical pollutants.

Community Empowerment: The process of enabling and strengthening the capacity of individuals or communities to actively participate in decision-making processes, take control of their own development, and improve their well-being.

Climate Resilience: The capacity of a system, such as a community or region, to withstand and adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, including variations in precipitation and temperature.