EFFECT OF DIETARY CONTROL ON POTASSIUM AND CHOLESTEROL ON PLASMA IN EXPERIMENTAL RAT

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EFFECT OF DIETARY CONTROL ON POTASSIUM AND CHOLESTEROL ON PLASMA IN EXPERIMENTAL RAT

ABSTRACT

This project research evaluated the effect of an acidic and alkaline diet on potassium and cholesterol level in wistar albino rats. The rats were induced with diets supplemented with an acidic and alkaline food supplementation of their diet. The potassium level were assessed in the groups induced with the diet supplement and compared with the control group. Lowered potassium level were observed in acidic supplemented group and also a lowered potassium level in alkaline supplemented groups. Potassium levels in NH₄Cl supplemented groups were (18.8±1.4 ,32.7± 2.7, 19.17±1.15) mmo/L lowered compare to the KHCO₃ supplemented group (40.21± 5.4, 23.55±54.8, 24.25±0.65)Mg/dL but both were slightly deviate from normal range, which indicates significant difference compared to the normal range of potassium (3.5-5.0mmol/dl). Therefore, diet plays a major role in acid-base balance but does not significant affect potassium levels in the blood.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Blood is a bodily fluid in humans and animals that delivers necessary substance such as nutrient and oxygen to the cells and transport metabolic waste products away from those same cells, when it reaches the  lungs, gas exchange occurs  when carbondioxide   is diffused out of the blood into the pulmonary alveoli and oxygen is diffused  into the blood.  Blood contains antibodies, nutrient, oxygen and much more to help the body work (Robert et al, 2012).

Plasma which constitutes 55% of blood fluid is mostly water ions, hormones, carbondioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation), and blood cells themselves. Albumin is the main protein in plasma and is function to regulates the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. The most abundant cells in vertebrates  blood are red blood cells.  Those contains haemoglobin, an iron- containing protein, which facilitates oxygen transport by reversible binding to this respiratory gas and greatly increasing its solubility in blood (Waugh et al, 2007).

1.2       NUTRIENTS IN THE BLLOD

Blood contains other important substances, such as nutrient for food that has been processed by the digestive system. Blood  also carries hormone released  by the endocrine glands and carries them to the body parts that needs them. Blood is essential for good health because the body depends on a steady supply of fuel and oxygen to reach its billions of cells. Blood also carries carbondioxide and other wastes materials to the lungs, kidneys, and digestive system to be removed from the body (Ganong et al, 2012).

1.3       pH

All living organisms depends on a proper balance of hydrogen and hydroxide in order to maintain essential physiological processes. The normal pH of human blood is slightly basic at 7.4. Human plasma for example, must be maintain at a pH unit of 7.47. Living organisms must maintain a certain pH in order to survive. Enzymes needs a specific pH level in orders to function as well. If the pH level is below this (very acidic) or too high(very basic) the enzymes will not be able to do its job. A reaction may take very long time or it may not even happen at all. A sudden change in pH can be very harmful for organisms. Many molecules in our body will only function at a specific pH for example or too quickly. Living organism do not react very well to change in order to strive their bodies work endlessly on maintain ideal conditions. As a result, changes in pH can be catastrophic (Himmel et al, 2012).

1.4       BLOOD pH

Acidity and alkalinity are expressed on the pH scale, which ranges from 0(strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly basic or alkaline). A pH of 7.0 in the middle of this scale is neutral. Blood is normally slightly basic, alkaline, with a pH range of 7.35 to 7.45. to function properly, the body maintains the pH of blood close to 7.40. An important property  of blood is its degree of acidity and alkalinity, and this is referred to as acid-base balance. The acidity or alkalinity of the blood is indicated on the pH scale. The acidity level increases when the level of acidic compounds in the blood rises or when the level of alkaline compound in the blood falls. Alkaline levels increases when with the reverse process. The level of acidic or alkaline  compounds in the body rises through increases intake, production, or decreased elimination and falls through decreased intake, production, or increased elimination (Yeomans et al, 1985).

1.5       ACID –BASE HOMEOSTASIS

Acid-base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis concerning the proper balance between acids and bases also called body pH. The body is very sensitive to its pH level, so strong mechanism exit to maintain it. Outside the accept able range of pH, proteins are denatured and digestive, enzymes lose their ability to function, and death may occur  (Caroline et al, 2013).

Acid-base imbalance occurs when a significant insult causes the blood pH to shift out of the normal range (7.35-7.45). in the fetus, the normal range differs based on which umbilical vessels is sample (umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45, umbilical artery pH is normally 7.18 to 7.38 (Garrett et al, 2010).

An excess of acid in the blood is called academia and excess of base is called alkalemia. The process that causes the imbalance is classified based on the etiology of the disturbance (respiratory or metabolic) and the direction of change in pH (acidosis or alkalosis). There are four basic processes; metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, one or a combination may occur at any given time, (Yeoman et al, 1985).

1.6       NUTRITION

The diet of an organism which is largely determined by the availability, the processing and palatability of food. A healthy diet includes preparation of foods and storage methods that preserve nutrient from oxidation, heat or leaching and that reduce risk of food born illnesses (Whitney et al, 2013).

1.7       EFFECT OF POTASSIUM ON pH

Maintenance of extracellular K⁺ concentration within a narrow range is vital for numerous cell functions, particularly electrical excitability of heart and muscle. Potassium homeostasis during intermittent ingestion of K⁺ involves rapid redistribution of K⁺ into the intracellular  space to minimize increase in extracellular  K⁺ concentration and ultimate elimination of the K ⁺ load by renal excretion. The effect of acid-base balance on serum potassium are well known: Maintenance of normal extracellular K⁺ (3.5 to 5mEq/L) is under two  potential threat because some 98% of the total body content of K⁺ resides within cells predominantly skeletal muscle, small acute shifts of intracellular K⁺ into or out of the extracellular space can cause severe, even lethal , derangement of extracellular K⁺ concentration (Burnell  et al, 2009).

1.8       STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

A falling blood pH and rising partial pressure of carbondioxide  is due to respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis in order to regulates the hydrogen ions concentration in blood a diet or proper nutritional must be emulated.

1.9       AIM

To study the modifying effect of an acidifying or an alkalizing diet supplement on potassium and  also to find out the effect of whether an increased consumption of an acid or alkaline rich diet in relation to diseases and disorder.

1.10     OBJECTIVES

1. To provide information capable of persuading people on the effect of not having controlled dietary life.
2. To study the specific effect of diet on acid-base balance
3. To study the specific effect of diet on acid-base balance

1.11     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

1. Lack of equipment to carry out the analysis
2. Scarcity of the experimental animals
3. Inadequate fund to examine more blood parameter in relation to diet.

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