ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SOME BACTERIAL CONTAMINANTS FROM FOOD VENDORS (EGUSI SOUP AND JOLLOF RICE) AND SOME VEGETABLES SOLD IN NASARAWA MARKET, NASARAWA STATE

ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SOME BACTERIAL CONTAMINANTS FROM FOOD VENDORS (EGUSI SOUP AND JOLLOF RICE) AND SOME VEGETABLES SOLD IN NASARAWA MARKET, NASARAWA STATE

ABSTRACT

This cohort study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hepatitis A and hepatitis B antibodies among students attending the federal polytechnic Nasarawa. 5ml of blood sample was collected from 100 respondents whose demographic data was captured using questionnaire.      Commercial diagnostic tools manufactured by Aria diagnostic incorporation U.S.A was used HBsAg was found to be higher in males 9.09% than in females also the highest prevalence of 6.25% was recorded in the age group of 21-25 years. Respondents of middle class socioeconomic status had the highest prevalence of 7.04% and those with three or more sex partners has the highest prevalence of 7.69%. None of the sample tested was positive for hepatitis A. This study shows the study area is moderately endemic for hepatitis B. Effort should be made to enlighten the community on ways to curtail the spread and encouraged people to go for hepatitis B vaccine immunization. Also having protective sexual intercourse should be encouraged.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Bacteria are group of microorganisms all of which lack a distinct nuclear membrane (and hence are considered more primitive than animal and plant cells) and most of which have a cell wall of unique composition. Most bacteria are unicellular; the cells may be spherical (coccus) rod – shaped (bacillus), spiral (spirillum), comma – shaped (vibrio) or corkscrew-shaped (spirochete). Generally, they range in size between 0.5 and 5um (Martin, 2003).

Food is any substance that people or animal eat or drink or that plants absorb to maintain life and growth. Food is any substance consumed for nutritional support for the body; it is usually of plant or animal origin (Ezeronye, 2007). Food consists of chemical compounds which living thing consumes in order to carry out metabolic processes. They are also substances which when introduced to the digestive system under normal circumstances contribute to growth, repair and production of energy (Ezeronye, 2007). Foods are classified into six essential nutrients known as protein, carbohydrate, vitamin, mineral, fat and oil, and water.

PROTEIN: – One of a group of organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (sulphur and phosphorus may also be present). The protein molecule is a complex structure made up of one or more chains of amino acids, which are linked by peptide bonds. Proteins are essential constituents of the body; they form the structural material of muscles, tissues, organs, etc. and are equally important as regulators of function, as enzymes and hormones, proteins are synthesized in the body from their constituent amino acids, which are obtained from the digestion of protein in the diet (Martin, 2003).

CARBOHYDRATE: – One of a large group of compounds, including the sugar and starch, that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates are important as a source of energy: they are manufactured by plants and obtained by animals from the diet, being one of the three main constituent of food. All carbohydrates are eventually broken down in the body to the simple sugar glucose which can then take part in energy producing metabolic processes. Excess carbohydrate, not immediately required by the body is stored in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen. In plants, carbohydrates are important structural materials (e.g. cellulose and storage products (commonly in the form of starch) (Martin, 2003).

VITAMIN:- Any of a group of substances that are required in very small amounts, for healthy growth and development: they cannot be synthesized by the body and are therefore essential constituents of the diet. Vitamins are divided into two groups, according to whether they are soluble in water or fat. The water soluble groups include the vitamin C; the fat soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E and K. Lack of sufficient quantities of any of the vitamins in the diet results in specific vitamin deficiency diseased (Martin, 2003).

FAT:- A substance that contains one or more fatty acids (in the form of triglyceride) and is the principal form in which energy is stored by the body (in adipose tissue). It also serves as an insulating material beneath the skin (in the subcutaneous tissue) and around certain organs (including the kidney). Fat is one of the three main constituents of food; it is necessary in the diet to provide an adequate supply of essential fatty acid and from the efficient absorption of fat –soluble vitamins from the intestine. Excessive deposition of fat in the body leads to obesity (Martin, 2003).

A vendor is a person selling something. The world Health Organization (WHO) Indicated that food-borne diseases most of which are of microbial origin are perhaps the most widespread problems in the contemporary world and this is responsible for about one third of death world wide, through infectious conditions with adverse effects can reduce economic productivity. Poor sanitary condition in most of the local markets and the environment being highly polluted and charged with spoilage and pathogenic flora is likely the source of contamination of food items sold by such vendors (Oweghe et al., 2001). It is known that poor hygienic conditions in a food environment may encourage the multiplication of pathogenic organisms in food (Egeonu, 2003). It has been observed that Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus grow in food at 30⁰C (Egeonu, 2003). Therefore microbiological examination of foods and food contact surfaces may provide information concerning the quality of the raw food, and the sanitary conditions under which the food is processed (Michael et al., 2004). Microorganisms live throughout the kitchen and can easily move around by attaching themselves to people easily, food and equipment. Bacteria may pass from equipment to food which has not been properly cleaned and sanitized before being used to prepare another food. This implies that the food to be consumed by humans should be pure and free from contamination especially by pathogenic and spoilage micro- organisms. Failure to ensure the safety and wholesomeness of the food consumed by the public might lead to some illness. To reduce contamination by microorganisms to a minimum level, and obtain good keeping quality of the products, the raw materials should regularly be monitored and examined.

Food contact surfaces are a major concern for food service facilities in controlling the spread of food-borne pathogens, surfaces such as bench tops, and tables may have bacteria on them from contact with people, raw foods, dirty equipments or other things such as cartons that have been stored on the floor. If the bench tops are not properly cleaned, any food on them will be contaminated by the bacterial (Kamil, 2005).

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this work is to assess the microbiological quality of   selected foods sold by vendors in Nasarawa market, Nasarawa state .

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this work is:

1. To isolate some selected bacterial contaminant associated with the food sample sold in Nasarawa market.
2. To determine the microbial load of isolated bacteria from different food types.
3. To recommend a useful method of preventing the health risk Associated         with isolated bacteria.

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